Methodology — Source Taxonomy and Verification Rules

The advisory firm documents here the reliability criteria applied to each data source used in company profiles.

Source Tier Hierarchy

Tier	Source type	Confidence
T1	Registry / Legal RNE / INPI, VIES, AMF / SEC, Legifrance, EUR-Lex	High
T2	Official entity publication Annual report, registration document, official press release	High
T3	Press / Analysts Les Échos, Reuters, Bloomberg, FT, Le Monde…	Mid
T4	Estimation / Scrape Algorithmic estimation, unqualified scraping	Low

The "Verified Data" badge is granted when:

1. Financial data (revenue + spend) comes from a source ≤ T2 (registry or official publication).

2. The entity identity is confirmed by a T1 registry with a valid VIES EU VAT number.

When these conditions are not met, the profile shows an estimated-data notice.